⚡ Eclampsia
1 RECOGNIZE
- New seizure during pregnancy after 20 weeks or postpartum: treat suspected eclampsia promptly while considering other causes. Normal BP or absent proteinuria does NOT exclude it.
- Persistent altered consciousness, focal deficit, fever, head injury or recurrent seizures despite treatment requires urgent investigation for an alternative/additional diagnosis.
2 CALL FOR HELP
- Activate obstetric emergency response with senior obstetrician, anaesthetist and resuscitation support; note onset and duration.
- Bring magnesium, the correct infusion equipment, calcium gluconate and severe-BP medicines; neonatal team and theatre plan once the mother is stabilised.
3 IMMEDIATE ACTION
- Protect from injury, left-lateral positioning, suction and airway support; do not restrain forcibly or place objects in the mouth. Check glucose immediately. Give oxygen for hypoxaemia and assist ventilation if needed.
- Give ONE magnesium regimen from the cards: IV/IM OR IV maintenance, not both. Maintain a running magnesium dose/time record.
- Treat persistent systolic ≥160 OR diastolic ≥110 mmHg promptly with the selected acute-BP sequence. Magnesium treats seizures; it does not replace antihypertensive treatment.
- Assess reflexes, respiration and urine output throughout treatment. For toxicity: stop magnesium, support ventilation, call anaesthesia and give calcium gluconate as below.
Drug doses & preparation
Choose the regimen for the stated indication. Alternatives are not instructions to give every medicine. Check prior doses, contraindications, concentration and the response before repeating.
Guideline conflict
India NHM CEmONC, chapter 4 — prose
Acute oral nifedipine: 10 mg, reassess at 20 minutes, repeat 10–20 mg; stated initial-course maximum 30 mg.
Same NHM chapter — adjacent flowchart
The flowchart shows 10 mg, then 20 mg, then another 20 mg at 20-minute reassessments, implying 50 mg.
Population/setting difference: These refer to the same severe-pregnancy-hypertension setting; this is an internal document discrepancy, not a demonstrated population difference.
Practical India consideration: Confirm the sequence formally approved in the treating unit. Extended-release maintenance tablets are a separate regimen.
App default: Use the prose-based 30 mg initial limit with prompt senior reassessment and selection of another agent if severe BP persists.
Reason: This avoids silently combining incompatible limits or prolonging oral loading in uncontrolled severe hypertension.
Reason: This avoids silently combining incompatible limits or prolonging oral loading in uncontrolled severe hypertension.
Guideline conflict
India NHM CEmONC, chapter 4 — prose
20 mg, then 40 mg, then 80 mg at 10-minute reassessments; further dosing may reach a cumulative 300 mg.
Same NHM chapter — adjacent flowchart
Stops the displayed 20 → 40 → 80 mg sequence at a stated 140 mg maximum.
Population/setting difference: Same emergency setting; the flowchart and prose show different stopping points.
Practical India consideration: Use the approved local sequence and track every previous IV dose. Persistent severe BP needs senior/anaesthetic involvement.
App default: The card records the prose ceiling of 300 mg; persistent severe BP after the initial 140 mg sequence requires senior reassessment before additional doses or another agent.
Reason: A cumulative ceiling is not an instruction to continue dosing without reassessing treatment failure and contraindications.
Reason: A cumulative ceiling is not an instruction to continue dosing without reassessing treatment failure and contraindications.
Magnesium sulfate — IV/IM regimenMSFchecked
Dose4 g IV loading, then 5 g deep IM into EACH buttock (10 g IM total); maintenance 5 g IM into alternate buttocks
RouteIV loading + deep IM
FrequencyLoading once; maintenance every 4 hours
DurationContinue until 24 hours after birth OR the last seizure, whichever is later
PreparationUsing 50% (500 mg/mL): 4 g = 8 mL; dilute in 100 mL sodium chloride 0.9% and infuse over 15–20 min. Each 5 g IM dose = 10 mL of 50% solution. Check the actual ampoule strength.
Max doseDo not give maintenance when toxicity criteria are present; do not run an additional magnesium regimen
- Indication: Eclampsia: stop seizures and prevent recurrence
Monitoring
- Check patellar reflexes, respiratory rate and hourly urine output; monitor BP, pulse and consciousness
- Withhold magnesium for absent reflexes, respiratory rate <12/min or urine <100 mL in 4 h; obtain serum magnesium and senior review
- Stop magnesium and support ventilation for toxicity; give the calcium-gluconate antidote shown below
Contraindications: Myasthenia gravis, heart block or magnesium toxicity · Renal impairment or oliguria requires reduced/withheld maintenance and more frequent assessment
Magnesium sulfate — IV regimenMSFchecked
Dose4 g IV loading over 15–20 min, then 1 g/hour
RouteIV infusion
FrequencyOne loading dose, then continuous infusion
Duration24 hours after birth or last seizure, whichever is later
Preparation50% solution: withdraw 8 mL (4 g) into 100 mL sodium chloride 0.9% for loading; for maintenance make 20 g up to a FINAL 100 mL (200 mg/mL), run at 5 mL/hour by labelled pump
Max doseUse ONE IV or IV/IM protocol; stop/adjust for toxicity or renal dysfunction
- Indication: Eclampsia: alternative when a reliable infusion pump and monitoring are available
- Maintenance concentration and pump rate are calculated from the prescribed 1 g/hour; independently check the preparation.
Monitoring
- Check patellar reflexes, respiratory rate and hourly urine output; monitor BP, pulse and consciousness
- Withhold magnesium for absent reflexes, respiratory rate <12/min or urine <100 mL in 4 h; obtain serum magnesium and senior review
- Stop magnesium and support ventilation for toxicity; give the calcium-gluconate antidote shown below
Contraindications: Myasthenia gravis, heart block or magnesium toxicity · Renal impairment or oliguria requires reduced/withheld maintenance and more frequent assessment
Magnesium sulfate — recurrent seizureMSFchecked
Dose2 g IV additional dose after senior assessment
RouteIV infusion
FrequencyOne rescue dose, followed by reassessment
DurationAcute rescue; continue the selected maintenance regimen
Preparation50% solution: 2 g = 4 mL, dilute in compatible sodium chloride 0.9%; give slowly by infusion and check the total loading already received
Max doseMSF ceiling: no more than 8 g IV in the first hour; persistent fits need anaesthesia/ICU, not repeated blind magnesium dosing
- Indication: Recurrent eclamptic convulsion after loading; reassess airway, glucose and magnesium toxicity
Monitoring
- Check patellar reflexes, respiratory rate and hourly urine output; monitor BP, pulse and consciousness
- Withhold magnesium for absent reflexes, respiratory rate <12/min or urine <100 mL in 4 h; obtain serum magnesium and senior review
- Stop magnesium and support ventilation for toxicity; give the calcium-gluconate antidote shown below
Contraindications: Myasthenia gravis, heart block or magnesium toxicity · Renal impairment or oliguria requires reduced/withheld maintenance and more frequent assessment
Calcium gluconate 10%MSFchecked
Dose1 g (10 mL of 10% solution) slowly
RouteIV
FrequencyInitial antidote dose; reassess breathing, ECG and calcium before further dosing
DurationEmergency reversal; stop magnesium and support the airway concurrently
Preparation10% = 100 mg/mL; 10 mL contains 1 g calcium gluconate, NOT 1 g elemental calcium. Give over at least 5 min through a patent IV line; do not mix with other drugs
Max doseNo automatic repeated-dose course; further calcium requires monitored reassessment
- Indication: Antidote for clinically significant magnesium toxicity
Monitoring
- Continuous ECG/heart rate; respiratory status, reflexes and injection site; serum calcium/magnesium where available
Contraindications: Extravasation can cause tissue injury; take special care with digoxin · Do not confuse calcium gluconate with calcium chloride
Labetalol IVGovernment of India, MoHFW / NHMchecked
Dose20 mg over 2 min; reassess at 10 min, then 40 mg; further 80 mg doses at 10-min intervals if severe BP persists
RouteIV bolus
Frequency10-minute reassessment and dose sequence
DurationAcute control, then change to an appropriate oral regimen
Preparation5 mg/mL stock: 20 mg = 4 mL, 40 mg = 8 mL, 80 mg = 16 mL. Give each dose slowly, record cumulative dose and check the stock strength
Max dose300 mg cumulative in the cited Indian CEmONC regimen; seek escalation before continuing beyond it
- Indication: Persistent severe hypertension in pregnancy or postpartum (systolic ≥160 OR diastolic ≥110 mmHg)
Monitoring
- Check BP and pulse before and after each acute dose; fetal monitoring when appropriate
- Persistent severe BP despite the initial sequence requires senior/anaesthetic review, a different agent and HDU-level monitoring; avoid uncontrolled stacking
Contraindications: Asthma, bradycardia/heart block or decompensated heart failure
Hydralazine IVMSFchecked
Dose5 mg slowly IV over 2–4 min; reassess for 20 min and repeat 5 mg if still severe
RouteIV
FrequencyEvery 20 min if required after reassessment
DurationAcute control; transition to oral therapy once stable
PreparationReconstitute a 20 mg vial with 1 mL water for injection, then add 9 mL sodium chloride 0.9%: 2 mg/mL. A 5 mg dose = 2.5 mL. Use immediately; do not mix with other drugs
Max dose20 mg cumulative in this MSF bolus regimen
- Indication: Alternative for acute severe hypertension
- Renal / hepatic: Reduce doses with renal/hepatic impairment
Monitoring
- Check BP and pulse before and after each acute dose; fetal monitoring when appropriate
- Persistent severe BP despite the initial sequence requires senior/anaesthetic review, a different agent and HDU-level monitoring; avoid uncontrolled stacking
Contraindications: Marked hypotension, severe tachycardia or coronary ischaemia; use cautiously in cardiac disease
Nifedipine immediate releaseGovernment of India, MoHFW / NHMchecked
Dose10 mg swallowed; reassess at 20 min and give another 10–20 mg if still severe
RouteOral, swallowed
FrequencyReassess after each 20-minute interval; switch/escalate when the initial-course limit is reached
DurationAcute sequence, followed by senior review and a separately prescribed maintenance regimen
PreparationUse immediate-release oral tablets/capsules; swallow whole. NEVER sublingual administration; do not use an extended-release tablet as a rapid-loading substitute
Max dose30 mg cumulative for the NHM prose-based initial course; seek senior selection of another agent rather than continuing oral loading
- Indication: Acute severe hypertension when oral dosing is appropriate
- NHM CEmONC contains an internal discrepancy: its prose caps the initial course at 30 mg, while the adjacent flowchart shows 10 mg then 20 mg then 20 mg. The app uses the 30 mg prose limit with prompt escalation; confirm the locally approved sequence.
Monitoring
- Check BP and pulse before and after each acute dose; fetal monitoring when appropriate
- Persistent severe BP despite the initial sequence requires senior/anaesthetic review, a different agent and HDU-level monitoring; avoid uncontrolled stacking
Contraindications: Hypotension, significant aortic stenosis or acute cardiac compromise · Magnesium co-administration requires close respiratory/neuromuscular and BP monitoring; follow the named unit protocol
4 INVESTIGATIONS (never delaying treatment)
- CBC/platelets, creatinine/electrolytes, LFTs, urine protein and coagulation when indicated; bedside glucose immediately.
- After maternal stabilisation, fetal assessment if undelivered. Neuroimaging/neurology for focal findings, prolonged coma, atypical timing or refractory seizures; do not delay resuscitation/Mg for imaging.
5 DEFINITIVE MANAGEMENT
- Recurrent seizure: reassess airway, glucose and magnesium exposure/toxicity before the additional magnesium dose. Continued convulsions require anaesthetic/ICU support and a refractory-seizure plan.
- Once maternal seizures, oxygenation and BP are controlled, plan birth irrespective of a reassuring gestational-age threshold; eclampsia is not managed by simply waiting until 34 weeks. Choose route by obstetric circumstances rather than automatic caesarean.
- Continue the chosen magnesium regimen until 24 h after birth or the last seizure, whichever is later; individualise for renal dysfunction or toxicity.
6 ESCALATION
- Recurrent/prolonged seizures, inability to protect airway, hypoxia, pulmonary oedema, coma or organ failure: ICU/anaesthesia immediately.
- Restrict maintenance fluids appropriately in severe pre-eclampsia, including drug-carrier volumes; titrate any resuscitation to clinical need and avoid fluid overload.
7 POST-EVENT CARE
- Continue neurological/respiratory, BP, urine-output and laboratory monitoring; reassess unexpected deterioration or persistent headache/visual symptoms.
- Inform neonatal staff of maternal magnesium exposure. Plan postnatal antihypertensive review and long-term cardiovascular follow-up.
Admission & discharge after the acute event
Care setting: Hospital assessment; severe disease needs admission and possible critical care
Admission/discharge guidance checked 2026-10-18 against the linked sources. This is a clinical checklist for an individual decision, not an automatic discharge order.
When admission or continued hospital care is needed
- Admit for severe/persistent hypertension, seizure or neurological symptoms, pulmonary oedema, renal/liver/platelet deterioration, significant pain or fetal compromise.
- Eclampsia/HELLP or organ-support needs require appropriate high-dependency/critical-care monitoring, with transfer after initial stabilisation when necessary.
When clinic, day care or home care may be suitable
- Antenatal outpatient care is a specialist decision only when maternal/fetal assessment and reliable surveillance support it; recent eclampsia or HELLP is not a routine outpatient pathway.
Before going home
- Postnatal NICE transfer criteria: no pre-eclampsia symptoms, BP ≤150/100 mmHg with or without treatment, and blood results stable or improving; all criteria must be met.
- Following eclampsia/HELLP, complete indicated seizure prophylaxis/monitoring and document neurological, respiratory, urine-output and blood-test recovery before considering home care. Critical-care step-down and discharge home are separate decisions.
- A seizure-free interval alone does not establish readiness: review other neurological causes, medication completion and the obstetric/critical-care course.
Discharge medicines and treatment changes
- Continue the selected oral antihypertensive. Stop methyldopa within 2 days after birth; document replacement and review.
- The prescriber should consider reduction below 140/90 and reduce below 130/80 mmHg under NICE; provide an individual written adjustment plan. Magnesium loading/infusions are inpatient treatment, not take-home medication.
Medicine doses — use only when indicated
Use the medicines selected for this patient. Listed alternatives are not instructions to prescribe all of them together. Confirm the actual remaining course, pregnancy/postnatal context and monitoring plan.
One selected oral BP option; do not prescribe every alternative together.
Labetalol oralMSFchecked
DoseStart 100 mg twice daily; increase by 100–200 mg increments according to BP; higher daily doses divided three times daily
RouteOral
FrequencyTwice daily initially; three divided doses if higher doses needed
DurationContinue while clinically required; titrate down rather than stop abruptly, with a postpartum review plan
Preparation100 mg or 200 mg tablets; prescribe the strength, dose and administration times
Max dose2400 mg/day
- Indication: Maintenance hypertension during pregnancy/postpartum
Monitoring
- BP/heart rate, postural symptoms; neonatal glucose/heart-rate observation after late-pregnancy exposure
Contraindications: Asthma, heart block, marked bradycardia, decompensated heart failure
Alternative/adjunct only within the documented BP plan.
Nifedipine extended releaseGovernment of India, MoHFW / NHMchecked
DoseStart sustained-release nifedipine 10 mg twice daily; titrate according to BP and the exact release formulation
RouteOral extended release
FrequencyTwice daily for the cited sustained-release regimen
DurationWhile hypertension persists; reassess after birth and reduce when BP allows
PreparationUse the specified sustained-release tablet, swallowed intact. Other extended-release products may use different strengths/schedules; do not interchange them or use them for acute oral loading.
Max dose80 mg/day for the NHM CEmONC sustained-release regimen
- Indication: Maintenance hypertension in pregnancy/postpartum
Monitoring
- BP, headache, flushing, oedema and pulse
Contraindications: Maternal hypotension or significant cardiac outflow obstruction
Postpartum only when prescribed, with renal function/potassium monitoring.
Enalapril — postpartum hypertensionMilpharm / emcchecked
DoseStart 5 mg once daily; use a lower supervised initial dose if volume depleted or renally impaired; titrate to BP response
RouteOral
FrequencyOnce daily initially
DurationReview BP and dose after birth; reduce/stop as hypertension resolves or continue for persistent hypertension after medical review
Preparation5 mg tablet swallowed with water, with or without food. Correct volume depletion; check creatinine and potassium before starting
Max dose40 mg/day in the product label; usual maintenance 20 mg/day, not an automatic postpartum target
- Indication: After birth only; NICE recommends enalapril with maternal renal-function and potassium monitoring
- Renal / hepatic: Renal impairment requires a lower initial dose and adjustment from the product renal table, not the unadjusted 5 mg starter.
- NICE NG133 supplies the postpartum choice. Breastfeeding requires extra caution with premature/very young infants; use a suitable alternative when clinically indicated.
Monitoring
- BP, symptoms, creatinine/eGFR and potassium before and after initiation/dose changes; infant feeding, alertness and urine output if breastfeeding
Contraindications: Pregnancy, prior ACE-inhibitor angioedema, significant hyperkalaemia; avoid starting in unresolved AKI or severe volume depletion
Tests, pending results and their reviewer
- Review platelet count, transaminases and creatinine at 48–72 hours after birth/critical-care step-down; abnormal results need a repeat plan until recovery.
- At 6–8 weeks check urine protein; persistent proteinuria (1+ or more) needs a 3-month renal review and referral if kidney function is abnormal.
Home care and counselling
- Provide the BP schedule, named reviewer, medicine list and explicit severe-symptom instructions. Discuss recurrence, future-pregnancy planning and long-term cardiovascular risk.
Follow-up: when and what to review
| When | Action / responsible service |
|---|---|
If on antihypertensives: every 1–2 days for up to 2 weeks after transfer | NICE BP surveillance until off treatment with no hypertension; adapt intensity to findings. |
If not on antihypertensives: day 3–5 after birth | Check BP; repeat on alternate days if abnormal. |
2 weeks if still on treatment; 6–8 weeks for all | Review medicines, BP, recovery and urine protein; arrange renal follow-up when indicated. |
Return urgently
- Seizure, severe/persistent headache, visual disturbance, epigastric pain, dyspnoea, chest pain or severe BP: return immediately; postpartum onset can occur after discharge.
Sources
MSFcheckedGovernment of India, MoHFW / NHMcheckedNICE · NG133checkedMSFcheckedMSFcheckedMSFcheckedMilpharm / emccheckedNICE · NG194, recommendationscheckedIndia MoHFW / NHM · LaQshya district-hospital SOP, linked editioncheckedWHO · 2022 official recommendation summarycheckedRCOG · Current public recovery informationcheckedNICE · CG50, recommendationschecked